{"number":100,"title":"Dynamic maximum block size by miner vote","authors":["Jeff Garzik","Tom Harding","Dagur Valberg Johannsson"],"status":"Closed","type":"Specification","layer":"Consensus (hard fork)","created":"2015-06-11","license":"BSD-2-Clause","requires":[],"replaces":[],"replacedBy":[],"discussion":[],"abstract":"Replace the static 1M block size hard limit with a hard limit set by coinbase vote, conducted on the same schedule as difficulty retargeting.","eli5":"Proposed replacing Bitcoin's fixed 1 MB block size limit with one that miners could vote to raise or lower, with votes counted on the same two-week cycle as mining difficulty adjustments. It was one of several proposals during the block size debate and would have required a hard fork.","categories":["blocks"],"filename":"bip-0100.mediawiki","githubUrl":"https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0100.mediawiki","format":"mediawiki","readingMinutes":3,"inbound":0,"revisions":10,"impact":17,"core":false,"references":[],"lastModified":"2025-10-08","html":"

Abstract

\n

Replace the static 1M block size hard limit with a hard limit set by coinbase vote, conducted on the same schedule as difficulty retargeting.

\n

Motivation

\n

Miners directly feel the effects, both positive and negative, of any maximum block size change imposed by their peers. Larger blocks allow more growth in the on-chain ecosystem, while smaller blocks reduce resource requirements network-wide. Miners also act as an efficient proxy for the rest of the ecosystem, since they are paid in the tokens collected for the blocks they create.

\n

A simple deterministic system is specified, whereby a 75% mining supermajority may activate a change to the maximum block size each 2016 blocks. Each change is limited to a 5% increase from the previous block size hard limit, or a decrease of similar magnitude. Among adopting nodes, there will be no disagreement on the evolution of the maximum block size.

\n

The system is compatible with emergent consensus, but whereas under that system a miner may choose to accept any size block, a miner following BIP100 observes the 75% supermajority rule, and the 5% change limit rule. Excessive-block values signaled by emergent consensus blocks are considered in the calculation of the BIP100 block size hard limit, and the BIP100 calculated maximum block size is signaled as an excessive-block value for the benefit of all observers.

\n

Specification

\n

Dynamic Maximum Block Size

\n
  1. \nInitial value of hardLimit is 1000000 bytes, preserving current system.\n
\n
  1. \nChanging hardLimit is accomplished by encoding a proposed value, a vote, within a block's coinbase scriptSig, and by processing the votes contained in the previous retargeting period.

    \n
    1. \nVote encoding\n
      1. \nA vote is represented as a megabyte value using the BIP100 pattern

        /BIP100/B[0-9]+/

        Example: /BIP100/B8/ is a vote for a 8000000-byte hardLimit.

        \n
      \n
      1. \nIf the block height is encoded at the start of the coinbase scriptSig, as per BIP34, it is ignored.\n
      \n
      1. \nOnly the first BIP100 pattern match is processed in \"Maximum block size recalculation\" below.\n
      \n
      1. \nA megabyte value is represented by consecutive base-ten digits.\n
      \n
      1. \nIf no BIP100 pattern is matched, the first matching emergent consensus pattern /EB[0-9]+/, if any, is accepted as the megabyte vote.

        \n
      \n
    2. \nMaximum block size recalculation\n
      1. \nA new hardLimit is calculated after each difficulty adjustment period of 2016 blocks, and applies to the next 2016 blocks.\n
      \n
      1. \nAbsent/zero-valued votes are counted as votes for the current hardLimit.\n
      \n
      1. \nThe votes of the previous 2016 blocks are sorted by megabyte vote.\n
      \n
      1. \nRaising hardLimit

        \n
        1. \nThe raise value is defined as the vote of the 1512th highest block, converted to bytes.\n
        \n
        1. \nIf the resultant raise value is greater than (current hardLimit * 1.05) rounded down, it is set to that value.\n
        \n
        1. \nIf the resultant raise value is greater than current hardLimit, the raise value becomes the new hardLimit and the recalculation is complete.

          \n
        \n
      2. \nLowering hardLimit

        \n
        1. \nThe lower value is defined as the vote of the 1512th lowest block, converted to bytes.\n
        \n
        1. \nIf the resultant lower value is less than (current hardLimit / 1.05) rounded down, it is set to that value.\n
        \n
        1. \nIf the resultant lower value is less than current hardLimit, the lower value becomes the new hardLimit and the recalculation is complete.

          \n
        \n
      3. \nOtherwise, new hardLimit remains the same as current hardLimit.\n
      \n
    \n
\n

Signature Hashing Operations Limits

\n
  1. \nThe per-block signature hashing operations limit is scaled to (actual block size, fractional megabyte rounded to next higher megabyte) / 50.\n
\n
  1. \nA maximum serialized transaction size of 1000000 bytes is imposed.\n
\n

Recommendations

\n

Publication of hardLimit

\n
  1. \nFor the benefit of all observers, it is recommended that hardLimit be published. Example: a complete coinbase string might read

    /BIP100/B8/EB2.123456/

    which indicates a vote for 8M maximum block size, and an enforced hardLimit of 2.123456 megabytes for the block containing the coinbase string.\n
\n

Deployment

\n

This BIP is presumed deployed and activated as of block height 449568 by implementing nodes on the bitcoin mainnet. It has no effect until a raise value different from 1M is observed, which requires at least 1512 of 2016 blocks to vote differently from 1M.

\n

Backward compatibility

\n

The first block larger than 1M will create a network partition, as nodes with a fixed 1M hard limit reject that block.

\n

Implementations

\n

https://github.com/bitcoinxt/bitcoinxt/pull/188
https://github.com/bitcoinxt/bitcoin/pull/1
https://github.com/BitcoinUnlimited/BitcoinUnlimited/pull/398

\n

Copyright

\n

This document is licensed under the BSD 2-clause license.

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